Indoor climate
A night in a well-ventilated bedroom benefits your next-day performance. This conclusion is drawn from an international DTU-based research project studying how poor air quality in the bedroom affects your sleep.
Minimum requirements in the building regulations
The current building regulations (BR18) require a minimum outdoor air supply of 0.3 L/s per m2 floorage. In most homes, this will be equal to about 0.5 air change per hour. If CO2 is to be kept below 800 ppm, the ventilation in a bedroom must correspond to approximately one air change per hour.
In Denmark, there is normally not high outdoor air pollution—typically from traffic and industry—and an open window may therefore be enough. But, in China, the study showed that air pollution is so high that the indoor air quality was polluted with health-hazardous particles from the outside during the night when the window was open.
“An open window is recommended when air pollution is low and if there is no ventilation system in the home. Otherwise, the best solution is mechanical ventilation,” says Pawel Wargocki.
In Denmark, mechanical ventilation has been part of the building regulations’ recommendations for newly built and renovated homes since 2008. But this is not yet the norm in Danish bedrooms, nor is everyone able or willing to sleep with the window open.
“We’re studying whether other technologies such as air purifiers can ensure just as clean air in the bedroom as mechanical ventilation or an open window,” says Pawel Wargocki.
The researchers’ conclusion is based on a number of sub-studies, including having a large number of volunteers spend the night in a so-called climate chamber; a transparent plexiglass box that makes it possible to monitor and analyse air quality minutely during the night. They have measured what type of emissions we humans produce and how they affect sleep.
Although measurements from the plexiglass box are accurate, very few people sleep unaffected in unfamiliar surroundings and with measuring equipment attached to their bodies. Therefore, the researchers have also conducted a study in people’s own bedrooms. More than 100 households let the researchers study the air quality in their bedrooms while they slept with windows and doors open and closed, respectively.
“An open window improved the air quality in the participants’ bedrooms so much that they slept better. The following morning, their cognitive abilities also tested better,” says Xiaojun Fan, PhD student at DTU and lead author of the latest sub-study under the study, published in the scientific journal Building and Environment.
“This suggests that bedrooms should be ventilated with clean outdoor air or supplied with air equivalent to clean outdoor air during the night,” says Xiaojun Fan.
The air quality in each bedroom was measured via a box, while the participants’ sleep quality was monitored through a wristwatch. The participants were also asked to update an electronic log before and after sleeping so that the researchers could take into account any activities that could affect their sleep. When they woke up, they had to record their experience of the night’s sleep and undergo a three-minute test of their cognitive abilities.
The researchers have also examined whether sleeping with the windows closed, but with the door open to the rest of the home, made a difference. However, no effect on the participants’ sleep quality could be seen.
“During the night, we humans generate emissions in the bedroom, not in the rest of our home. When you sleep with the door open, air from elsewhere in the home mixes with the air in the bedroom, which dilutes air pollution in the bedroom, but it isn’t necessarily clean air that comes from the other rooms in the home,” explains Pawel Wargocki.
Facts
Since 2019, an international group of researchers has been working to document the importance of ventilation and fresh air to sleep quality. The project has been conducted in collaboration with Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, China, with support from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE.
The latest study, which builds on knowledge from the group’s previous experiments, has been published in the scientific journal Building and Environment: A field intervention study of the effects of window and door opening on bedroom IAQ, sleep quality, and next-day cognitive performance - ScienceDirect. It was conducted in Danish bedrooms in the period from September to December 2020.
Over a two-week period, researchers monitored the air quality in the bedrooms while tracking the participants’ sleep quality. The participants were asked to sleep as usual for a week, with either the window or door open or closed. Some of the participants continued in the experiment for another week, where they had to do the opposite. During each night, the different parameters characterizing the air quality in the bedroom were measured, while the participants wore a wristwatch tracking how quickly they fell asleep, how often they woke up, whether sleep was light, deep, or REM sleep, etc.
Participants also kept an electronic log of the day’s activities and the night’s sleep, which they updated 10 minutes before bedtime and again when they got up. Each morning, they also did a three-minute test of their cognitive abilities.
See, for example The effects of ventilation and temperature on sleep quality and next-day work performance: pilot measurements in a climate chamber.
If ventilation keeps CO2 from persons sleeping in a bedroom below 750 ppm, then the air quality in the room is so good that it does not affect sleep quality. If CO2 exceeds 2,600 ppm, the air quality is so poor that it affects sleep quality to such an extent that cognitive abilities are affected the next day; this may also be the case at lower CO2 concentrations.
CO2 is used as an indicator of how good the ventilation is in rooms where there are people. Indoor CO2 is mainly released by humans due to the metabolic processes of the body. The concentration is measured in mg/m3 or in ppm (ppm, parts per million, refers to the number of carbon dioxide molecules per million molecules of dry air).
Pawel Wargocki Professor Phone: +45 45254011 pawar@dtu.dk